Hyposalivation Can Be Treated With a Drug That ______.
Groundwork. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory, multisystem, and autoimmune illness. Objective. The aim of this written report was to draw the prevalence of hyposalivation in SLE patients and evaluate factors associated. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study developed at the Cuiaba University General Infirmary (UNIC-HGU), Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study population consisted of female SLE patients treated at this hospital from 06/2010 to 12/2012. Unstimulated salivary menses rates (SFRs) were measured. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed in all cases using a significance level . Results. The results showed that 79% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus suffered from hyposalivation and that the disease activity and age in years were the factors that resulted in statistically significant differences. Conclusion. The activity of the disease, age >27 years, and the drugs used were factors associated with hyposalivation, resulting in a statistically pregnant subtract in saliva production.
1. Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune and inflammatory illness that affects many organs and systems through formation and deposition of autoantibodies and allowed complexes leading to astringent tissue and organ damage [1, two]. It is characterized by hyperreactivity of T and B cells and a failure to eliminate apoptotic bodies [2–4]. Patients with SLE may nowadays with several oral manifestations, the prevalence varies from 20 to 80%, and usually more than one injury is present [v–13].
The terms salivary hypofunction or hyposalivation and xerostomia are frequently incorrectly used interchangeably. Hyposalivation refers to a diminished salivary menstruum, whereas xerostomia refers to a subjective experience of mouth dryness. This is farther complicated past the fact that some patients with hyposalivation are not xerostomic and, conversely, those with xerostomia may have normal salivary flow rates. Yet, xerostomia is a common and primary symptom associated with salivary gland hypofunction. Normally when salivary secretion has decreased to half its normal values an private volition brainstorm to feel xerostomia [14].
More than 75% of patients with SLE suffer from oral complaints like dryness (xerostomia) and soreness [nine]. Systemic lupus erythematosus has also been associated with a subtract in salivary flow, resulting in xerostomia and hyposalivation has already been described in these patients [5–xi, xiii, 15–17]. This dysfunction in the salivary glands and the detection of salivary changes nowadays in SLE patients can reverberate a distinct and specific multisystem presentation [16, 17]. Ben-Aryeh et al. 1993 [fifteen] studied a group of SLE patients with no other systemic diseases and none of the patients complained of xerostomia. Notwithstanding, those patients had significantly lower salivary flow rates than controls. In other studies, patients with SLE experienced some degree of xerostomia [17] and had significantly lower SWS compared with healthy controls [18].
The complexity of the molecular composition of saliva has shown its importance related to the maintenance of oral and systemic integrity, and it is critical for the outset line of oral defense. Functions of saliva include tissue repair (presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes healing of the oral, oropharynx, and gastric mucosa), protection (lubrication of the oral fissure, oropharynx, and esophagus), tamponage (phosphate, bicarbonate, and proteins maintain unfavorable pH for microorganism colonization, neutralization of acidity), digestion (germination of the food bolus and digestion of starch, proteins, and lipids), gustation (solubilization of molecules and maturation of taste buds), antimicrobial action (presence of antibodies IgA/IgM and IgG, lysozyme and lactoferrin-bacterial antagonism, organisation of peroxidase/cystatin/mucin, and immunoglobulins-antiviral activity, histatin/chromogranin A, and immunoglobulins-antifungal action), and maintenance of tooth integrity (maturation of the enamel and remineralization) [9, 19–22]. In add-on, patients may experience halitosis, sleep disorders, dysphagia, and difficulty in swallowing and speaking [23, 24].
The salivary menses rate reduction can be caused by several factors, including a dysfunction in the salivary gland, systemic diseases, age, other autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren'southward syndrome, and several drugs [thirteen, 14, 16, 21, 25–27]. Although some studies investigated the prevalence of hyposalivation in SLE patients [five, 7, 15, 28], none of them employed a scientific approach towards the evaluation of the factors associated with this variable in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hyposalivation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and evaluate the factors associated with this variable.
2. Materials and Methods
2.ane. Subjects and Study Blueprint
After blessing by the Ethics Commission of the University General Infirmary, University of Cuiabá, all patients with SLE in Cuiabá Academy General Infirmary (HGU-UNIC), Mato Grosso, Brazil, from July 2010 to December 2013, were included. The criteria for the diagnosis of SLE were according to the American College of Rheumatology revised classification [29]. A medical history, including information related to electric current systemic disease, disease activity scores using SLEDAI (systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity) [xxx], and on-going medications, was obtained for all patients. Activity categories have been defined on the footing of SLEDAI scores: no activity (SLEDAI = 0), mild activity (SLEDAI = 1–5), moderate activity (SLEDAI = 6–10), high action (SLEDAI = 11–nineteen), and very high activity (SLEDAI 20) [31]. Exclusion criteria included the presence of whatsoever of the following: previous history of radiation therapy in the head and neck expanse, poorly uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, chronic thyroid disease, known Sjogren's affliction, missing complete data, and non collecting the saliva.
Total salivary period rates (SFRs) at rest were determined according to the guidelines for collecting unstimulated whole saliva [32]. The participants were asked to collect saliva in their oral cavity and to split it into a wide test tube for five minutes. As a reference, a rate of 0.3 mL/min was considered a normal salivary catamenia of unstimulated saliva [33]. A value less than 0.3 mL/min in 5 minutes (totaling <1.five mL/5 minutes) was classified as hyposalivation [33].
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS and Minitab version xv. Student'due south -test for 2 contained samples was used for the inferential analysis to compare the averages of the variables. Multiple linear regression was used in all cases and values below five% were considered significant.
3. Results
Of the 93 patients evaluated (2010–2013), 48 female patients fulfilled all the inclusion criteria and 38 (79.2%) had hyposalivation. The corporeality of saliva decreased with disease activity; however, this reduction was not statistically pregnant () based on Educatee'southward -test. However, the lowest values were found in patients with higher disease activity (severe and very severe) compared with those who were in remission or had balmy or moderate activity, and this average decrease was statistically pregnant (), every bit demonstrated in Table i.
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| 95% CI: conviction interval of 95% for the difference between the averages of the categories. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
When evaluating the relation of drugs used and the corporeality of saliva, the medications considered equally hyposalivation were antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, and diuretic. The corporeality of saliva decreased with the apply of these (), especially when using just one of these medications (); nonetheless, this mean reduction was not statistically significant (), every bit verified by Student's -examination.
Regarding age in years, three age groups were considered (xviii–27 years, 28–37 years, and 38 years or older), which showed that the saliva product decreased when we compared the first age group with the other two age groups; however, this subtract was not statistically pregnant () based on ANOVA test. Effigy 1 shows that age tin can exist analyzed based on two age groups (≤27 years and >27 years former) because the second and 3rd historic period groups have very similar amounts of saliva (1.01 and one.09, resp.). These 2 age groups showed that saliva decreased from less than 27 years to greater than 27 years, and this decrease was statistically significant (), as indicated by Student'due south -test.
(a)
(b)
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics, confidence intervals of 95%, and values for the corporeality of saliva in mL, collected within 5 minutes per category of variables, and shows that the activity level and age group (years) were statistically significant at 5% ( and , resp.).
4. Discussion
This is the first study to evaluate the risk factors for hyposalivation in SLE patients. The prevalence found in this study (79.2%) is higher than in the general population (20%) [xx] but inside the previously published information [5–11, 13, 15–17]. Few studies have been published in SLE patients [v–11, 13, fifteen–17] and the differences between these may be due to the differences in the diagnostic criteria of hyposalivation.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory, multisystem disease, and although the interest of the salivary glands and salivary flow rate is non commonly described in the literature, we observe in clinical practice that patients with SLE frequently complain of xerostomia associated or not with hyposalivation. Authors consider the decrease in salivary menstruum charge per unit in SLE as a result of secondary Sjogren's syndrome [34–36], but histopathologic features of the modest salivary glands are distinctly unlike in this syndrome and lupus erythematosus. Alterations in salivary glands of LE patients may be a specific manifestation of the disease (lupus sialadenitis), reflecting its multisystemic presentation, instead of an association of secondary SS [sixteen, 17]. The patients included in this report have non yet been subjected to minor salivary gland biopsy for Sjogren's syndrome, merely 18% had positivity for anti-Ro/SSA and nine% for anti-La/SSB.
Hyposalivation has been plant amid younger adults [37, 38]. Flink et al. 2008 [39] found prevalent hyposalivation in younger adults and this unexpectedly high prevalence in younger historic period groups indicates that this may be of significance for oral health in these groups of patients. Salivary gland function declined with age and may be related to the number of medications they accept on a regular basis, the number of systemic disorders they written report, and the length of time for which they consume the drugs [26, 27]. With increasing historic period, the focus of inflammatory cells increases, and acinar atrophy, ductal dilatation, and variable degrees of fibrosis in the salivary glands are observed [twoscore, 41]. This study shows that age can be analyzed based on two age groups (≤27 years and >27 years old) because the second and 3rd age groups have very like amounts of saliva (Figure 1). These two age groups showed that saliva decreased from less than 27 years to greater than 27 years, and this decrease was statistically significant (). Percival et al. 1994 [42] distributed the patients in four groups (20–39 years, 40–59 years, 60–79 years, and ≥eighty years) and a significant decrease in the secretion rates of unstimulated whole saliva in relation to age was likewise observed in the study population ().
During the class of the disease and with the historic period, SLE patients use several medications [43] that may be interfering with saliva secretion. Medication use is believed to be an of import reason for reduction of salivary catamenia and diuretics, antihypertensives, antihistamines, sedatives, opioid analgesics, tricyclic antidepressives, and major antipsychotics volition reduce the flow [26, 27]. Interestingly, we observed that although the use of drugs that subtract saliva, no meaning differences were observed in this point. In add-on, the worsening on hyposalivation did non depend on the total number of medications ingested.
SLE patients showed a significant reduction in salivary flow rate compared to controls, as well as high concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies, thus final that these changes in salivary composition may represent interest of salivary glands in these patients [15]. Most half of the patients with SLE had reduced salivary flow as a result of dumb function of major salivary glands and in some of these cases, however, the patients did not suffer from xerostomia and, fifty-fifty more remarkable, some patients with normal salivary flow did complain of dry out mouth [17]. A few studies show that SLE without other autoimmune associated diseases is related to a decreased nonstimulated flow rate of whole saliva [36]. Knowledge of the prevalence of hyposalivation is found in SLE patients simply, in this study, nosotros showed that, in add-on to illness, patients with college levels of disease action had lower amounts of saliva, a fact that reinforces that hyposalivation can directly reflect a dysfunction in the salivary glands of the illness.
In conclusion, we plant that the activity of the affliction and age >27 years were factors associated with hyposalivation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus indicating that these factors decrease the corporeality of saliva in a statistically significant manner.
The prevalence of hyposalivation presented in this study is express to a relatively homogenous group of patients. However, in the absenteeism of data about hyposalivation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Brazilian subpopulation, this present report seems to offer the just available information. Future longitudinal studies are needed to larn more about hyposalivation in this group of patients and further studies to ostend this finding.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that in that location is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Christina Garcia, Dr. Oliver Silva, and Jessica Briezinski for their technical help and FAPEMAT (EDITAL UNIVERSAL-MESTRE/FAPEMAT 009-2011. This work should exist attributed to Cuiabá University General Hospital, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil, and the Section of Pathology, Schoolhouse of Medicine, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil.
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 Cristhiane Almeida Leite et al. This is an open admission article distributed under the Creative Eatables Attribution License, which permits unrestricted utilise, distribution, and reproduction in whatsoever medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijr/2015/730285/
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